ExtensionsIR.cpp

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/*
 * Copyright 2022 HEAVY.AI, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "CodeGenerator.h"
#include "Execute.h"
#include "ExtensionFunctions.hpp"
#include "ExtensionFunctionsBinding.h"
#include "ExtensionFunctionsWhitelist.h"

#include <tuple>

extern std::unique_ptr<llvm::Module> udf_gpu_module;
extern std::unique_ptr<llvm::Module> udf_cpu_module;

namespace {

llvm::StructType* get_buffer_struct_type(CgenState* cgen_state,
                                         const std::string& ext_func_name,
                                         size_t param_num,
                                         llvm::Type* elem_type) {
  CHECK(elem_type);
  CHECK(elem_type->isPointerTy());
  llvm::StructType* generated_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state->context_,
                            {elem_type,
                             llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(cgen_state->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(cgen_state->context_)},
                            false);
  llvm::Function* udf_func = cgen_state->module_->getFunction(ext_func_name);
  if (udf_func) {
    // Compare expected array struct type with type from the function
    // definition from the UDF module, but use the type from the
    // module
    llvm::FunctionType* udf_func_type = udf_func->getFunctionType();
    CHECK_LE(param_num, udf_func_type->getNumParams());
    llvm::Type* param_pointer_type = udf_func_type->getParamType(param_num);
    CHECK(param_pointer_type->isPointerTy());
    llvm::Type* param_type = param_pointer_type->getPointerElementType();
    CHECK(param_type->isStructTy());
    llvm::StructType* struct_type = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(param_type);
    CHECK_GE(struct_type->getStructNumElements(),
             generated_struct_type->getStructNumElements())
        << serialize_llvm_object(struct_type);

    const auto expected_elems = generated_struct_type->elements();
    const auto current_elems = struct_type->elements();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_elems.size(); i++) {
      CHECK_EQ(expected_elems[i], current_elems[i])
          << "[" << ::toString(expected_elems[i]) << ", " << ::toString(current_elems[i])
          << "]";
    }

    if (struct_type->isLiteral()) {
      return struct_type;
    }

    llvm::StringRef struct_name = struct_type->getStructName();
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 12
    return struct_type->getTypeByName(cgen_state->context_, struct_name);
#else
    return cgen_state->module_->getTypeByName(struct_name);
#endif
  }
  return generated_struct_type;
}

llvm::Type* ext_arg_type_to_llvm_type(const ExtArgumentType ext_arg_type,
                                      llvm::LLVMContext& ctx) {
  switch (ext_arg_type) {
    case ExtArgumentType::Bool:  // pass thru to Int8
    case ExtArgumentType::Int8:
      return get_int_type(8, ctx);
    case ExtArgumentType::Int16:
      return get_int_type(16, ctx);
    case ExtArgumentType::Int32:
      return get_int_type(32, ctx);
    case ExtArgumentType::Int64:
      return get_int_type(64, ctx);
    case ExtArgumentType::Float:
      return llvm::Type::getFloatTy(ctx);
    case ExtArgumentType::Double:
      return llvm::Type::getDoubleTy(ctx);
    case ExtArgumentType::TextEncodingDict:
      return get_int_type(32, ctx);
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayInt64:
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayInt32:
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayInt16:
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayBool:
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayInt8:
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayDouble:
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayFloat:
    case ExtArgumentType::ArrayTextEncodingDict:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnInt64:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnInt32:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnInt16:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnBool:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnInt8:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnDouble:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnFloat:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnTimestamp:
    case ExtArgumentType::TextEncodingNone:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnListInt64:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnListInt32:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnListInt16:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnListBool:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnListInt8:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnListDouble:
    case ExtArgumentType::ColumnListFloat:
      return llvm::Type::getVoidTy(ctx);
    default:
      CHECK(false);
  }
  CHECK(false);
  return nullptr;
}

inline SQLTypeInfo get_sql_type_from_llvm_type(const llvm::Type* ll_type) {
  CHECK(ll_type);
  const auto bits = ll_type->getPrimitiveSizeInBits();

  if (ll_type->isFloatingPointTy()) {
    switch (bits) {
      case 32:
        return SQLTypeInfo(kFLOAT, false);
      case 64:
        return SQLTypeInfo(kDOUBLE, false);
      default:
        LOG(FATAL) << "Unsupported llvm floating point type: " << bits
                   << ", only 32 and 64 bit floating point is supported.";
    }
  } else {
    switch (bits) {
      case 1:
        return SQLTypeInfo(kBOOLEAN, false);
      case 8:
        return SQLTypeInfo(kTINYINT, false);
      case 16:
        return SQLTypeInfo(kSMALLINT, false);
      case 32:
        return SQLTypeInfo(kINT, false);
      case 64:
        return SQLTypeInfo(kBIGINT, false);
      default:
        LOG(FATAL) << "Unrecognized llvm type for SQL type: "
                   << bits;  // TODO let's get the real name here
    }
  }
  UNREACHABLE();
  return SQLTypeInfo();
}

inline llvm::Type* get_llvm_type_from_sql_array_type(const SQLTypeInfo ti,
                                                     llvm::LLVMContext& ctx) {
  CHECK(ti.is_buffer());
  if (ti.is_bytes()) {
    return llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(ctx);
  }

  const auto& elem_ti = ti.get_elem_type();
  if (elem_ti.is_fp()) {
    switch (elem_ti.get_size()) {
      case 4:
        return llvm::Type::getFloatPtrTy(ctx);
      case 8:
        return llvm::Type::getDoublePtrTy(ctx);
    }
  }

  if (elem_ti.is_text_encoding_dict()) {
    return llvm::Type::getInt32PtrTy(ctx);
  }

  if (elem_ti.is_boolean()) {
    return llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(ctx);
  }

  CHECK(elem_ti.is_integer());
  switch (elem_ti.get_size()) {
    case 1:
      return llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(ctx);
    case 2:
      return llvm::Type::getInt16PtrTy(ctx);
    case 4:
      return llvm::Type::getInt32PtrTy(ctx);
    case 8:
      return llvm::Type::getInt64PtrTy(ctx);
  }

  UNREACHABLE();
  return nullptr;
}

bool ext_func_call_requires_nullcheck(const Analyzer::FunctionOper* function_oper) {
  const auto& func_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < function_oper->getArity(); ++i) {
    const auto arg = function_oper->getArg(i);
    const auto& arg_ti = arg->get_type_info();
    if ((func_ti.is_array() && arg_ti.is_array()) ||
        (func_ti.is_bytes() && arg_ti.is_bytes()) ||
        (func_ti.is_text_encoding_dict() && arg_ti.is_text_encoding_dict()) ||
        (func_ti.is_text_encoding_dict_array() && arg_ti.is_text_encoding_dict())) {
      // If the function returns an array and any of the arguments are arrays, allow NULL
      // scalars.
      // TODO: Make this a property of the FunctionOper following `RETURN NULL ON NULL`
      // semantics.
      return false;
    } else if (!arg_ti.get_notnull() && !arg_ti.is_buffer()) {
      // Nullable geometry args will trigger a null check
      return true;
    } else {
      continue;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

}  // namespace

extern "C" RUNTIME_EXPORT void register_buffer_with_executor_rsm(int64_t exec,
                                                                 int8_t* buffer) {
  Executor* exec_ptr = reinterpret_cast<Executor*>(exec);
  if (buffer != nullptr) {
    exec_ptr->getRowSetMemoryOwner()->addVarlenBuffer(buffer);
  }
}

llvm::Value* CodeGenerator::codegenFunctionOper(
    const Analyzer::FunctionOper* function_oper,
    const CompilationOptions& co) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  ExtensionFunction ext_func_sig = [=]() {
    if (co.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU) {
      try {
        return bind_function(function_oper, /* is_gpu= */ true);
      } catch (ExtensionFunctionBindingError& e) {
        LOG(WARNING) << "codegenFunctionOper[GPU]: " << e.what() << " Redirecting "
                     << function_oper->getName() << " to run on CPU.";
        throw QueryMustRunOnCpu();
      }
    } else {
      try {
        return bind_function(function_oper, /* is_gpu= */ false);
      } catch (ExtensionFunctionBindingError& e) {
        LOG(WARNING) << "codegenFunctionOper[CPU]: " << e.what();
        throw;
      }
    }
  }();

  const auto& ret_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
  CHECK(ret_ti.is_integer() || ret_ti.is_fp() || ret_ti.is_boolean() ||
        ret_ti.is_buffer() || ret_ti.is_text_encoding_dict());
  if (ret_ti.is_buffer() && co.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU) {
    // TODO: This is not necessary for runtime UDFs because RBC does
    // not generated GPU LLVM IR when the UDF is using Buffer objects.
    // However, we cannot remove it until C++ UDFs can be defined for
    // different devices independently.
    throw QueryMustRunOnCpu();
  }

  auto ret_ty = ext_arg_type_to_llvm_type(ext_func_sig.getRet(), cgen_state_->context_);
  const auto current_bb = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.GetInsertBlock();
  for (auto it : cgen_state_->ext_call_cache_) {
    if (*it.foper == *function_oper) {
      auto inst = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::Instruction>(it.lv);
      if (inst && inst->getParent() == current_bb) {
        return it.lv;
      }
    }
  }
  std::vector<llvm::Value*> orig_arg_lvs;
  std::vector<size_t> orig_arg_lvs_index;
  std::unordered_map<llvm::Value*, llvm::Value*> const_arr_size;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < function_oper->getArity(); ++i) {
    orig_arg_lvs_index.push_back(orig_arg_lvs.size());
    const auto arg = function_oper->getArg(i);
    const auto arg_cast = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::UOper*>(arg);
    const auto arg0 =
        (arg_cast && arg_cast->get_optype() == kCAST) ? arg_cast->get_operand() : arg;
    const auto array_expr_arg = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::ArrayExpr*>(arg0);
    auto is_local_alloc = array_expr_arg && array_expr_arg->isLocalAlloc();
    const auto& arg_ti = arg->get_type_info();
    const auto arg_lvs = codegen(arg, true, co);
    auto geo_uoper_arg = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::GeoUOper*>(arg);
    auto geo_binoper_arg = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::GeoBinOper*>(arg);
    auto geo_expr_arg = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::GeoExpr*>(arg);
    // TODO(adb / d): Assuming no const array cols for geo (for now)
    if ((geo_uoper_arg || geo_binoper_arg) && arg_ti.is_geometry()) {
      // Extract arr sizes and put them in the map, forward arr pointers
      CHECK_EQ(2 * static_cast<size_t>(arg_ti.get_physical_coord_cols()), arg_lvs.size());
      for (size_t i = 0; i < arg_lvs.size(); i++) {
        auto arr = arg_lvs[i++];
        auto size = arg_lvs[i];
        orig_arg_lvs.push_back(arr);
        const_arr_size[arr] = size;
      }
    } else if (geo_expr_arg && geo_expr_arg->get_type_info().is_geometry()) {
      CHECK(geo_expr_arg->get_type_info().get_type() == kPOINT);
      CHECK_EQ(arg_lvs.size(), size_t(2));
      for (size_t j = 0; j < arg_lvs.size(); j++) {
        orig_arg_lvs.push_back(arg_lvs[j]);
      }
    } else if (arg_ti.is_geometry()) {
      CHECK_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(arg_ti.get_physical_coord_cols()), arg_lvs.size());
      for (size_t j = 0; j < arg_lvs.size(); j++) {
        orig_arg_lvs.push_back(arg_lvs[j]);
      }
    } else if (arg_ti.is_bytes()) {
      CHECK_EQ(size_t(3), arg_lvs.size());
      // arg_lvs contains:
      // arg_lvs[0] StringView struct { i8*, i64 }
      // arg_lvs[1] i8* pointer
      // arg_lvs[2] i32 string length (truncated from i64)
      for (size_t j = 0; j < arg_lvs.size(); j++) {
        orig_arg_lvs.push_back(arg_lvs[j]);
      }
    } else if (arg_ti.is_text_encoding_dict()) {
      CHECK_EQ(size_t(1), arg_lvs.size());
      orig_arg_lvs.push_back(arg_lvs[0]);
    } else {
      if (arg_lvs.size() > 1) {
        CHECK(arg_ti.is_array());
        CHECK_EQ(size_t(2), arg_lvs.size());
        const_arr_size[arg_lvs.front()] = arg_lvs.back();
      } else {
        CHECK_EQ(size_t(1), arg_lvs.size());
        /* arg_lvs contains:
             &col_buf1
         */
        if (is_local_alloc && arg_ti.get_size() > 0) {
          const_arr_size[arg_lvs.front()] = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_size());
        }
      }
      orig_arg_lvs.push_back(arg_lvs.front());
    }
  }
  // The extension function implementations don't handle NULL, they work under
  // the assumption that the inputs are validated before calling them. Generate
  // code to do the check at the call site: if any argument is NULL, return NULL
  // without calling the function at all.
  const auto [bbs, null_buffer_ptr] = beginArgsNullcheck(function_oper, orig_arg_lvs);
  CHECK_GE(orig_arg_lvs.size(), function_oper->getArity());
  // Arguments must be converted to the types the extension function can handle.
  auto args = codegenFunctionOperCastArgs(
      function_oper, &ext_func_sig, orig_arg_lvs, orig_arg_lvs_index, const_arr_size, co);

  if (ext_func_sig.usesManager()) {
    if (co.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU) {
      throw QueryMustRunOnCpu();
    }
    llvm::Value* row_func_mgr = get_arg_by_name(cgen_state_->row_func_, "row_func_mgr");
    args.insert(args.begin(), row_func_mgr);
  }

  llvm::Value* buffer_ret{nullptr};
  if (ret_ti.is_buffer()) {
    // codegen buffer return as first arg
    CHECK(ret_ti.is_array() || ret_ti.is_bytes());
    ret_ty = llvm::Type::getVoidTy(cgen_state_->context_);
    const auto struct_ty = get_buffer_struct_type(
        cgen_state_,
        function_oper->getName(),
        0,
        get_llvm_type_from_sql_array_type(ret_ti, cgen_state_->context_));
    buffer_ret = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateAlloca(struct_ty);
    args.insert(args.begin(), buffer_ret);
  }

  const auto ext_call = cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
      ext_func_sig.getName(), ret_ty, args, {}, ret_ti.is_buffer());
  auto ext_call_nullcheck = endArgsNullcheck(
      bbs, ret_ti.is_buffer() ? buffer_ret : ext_call, null_buffer_ptr, function_oper);

  // Cast the return of the extension function to match the FunctionOper
  if (!(ret_ti.is_buffer() || ret_ti.is_text_encoding_dict())) {
    const auto extension_ret_ti = get_sql_type_from_llvm_type(ret_ty);
    if (bbs.args_null_bb &&
        extension_ret_ti.get_type() != function_oper->get_type_info().get_type() &&
        // Skip i1-->i8 casts for ST_ functions.
        // function_oper ret type is i1, extension ret type is 'upgraded' to i8
        // during type deserialization to 'handle' NULL returns, hence i1-->i8.
        // ST_ functions can't return NULLs, we just need to check arg nullness
        // and if any args are NULL then ST_ function is not called
        function_oper->getName().substr(0, 3) != std::string("ST_")) {
      ext_call_nullcheck = codegenCast(ext_call_nullcheck,
                                       extension_ret_ti,
                                       function_oper->get_type_info(),
                                       false,
                                       co);
    }
  }

  cgen_state_->ext_call_cache_.push_back({function_oper, ext_call_nullcheck});
  return ext_call_nullcheck;
}

// Start the control flow needed for a call site check of NULL arguments.
std::tuple<CodeGenerator::ArgNullcheckBBs, llvm::Value*>
CodeGenerator::beginArgsNullcheck(const Analyzer::FunctionOper* function_oper,
                                  const std::vector<llvm::Value*>& orig_arg_lvs) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  llvm::BasicBlock* args_null_bb{nullptr};
  llvm::BasicBlock* args_notnull_bb{nullptr};
  llvm::BasicBlock* orig_bb = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.GetInsertBlock();
  llvm::Value* null_array_alloca{nullptr};
  // Only generate the check if required (at least one argument must be nullable).
  if (ext_func_call_requires_nullcheck(function_oper)) {
    const auto func_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
    if (func_ti.is_buffer()) {
      const auto arr_struct_ty = get_buffer_struct_type(
          cgen_state_,
          function_oper->getName(),
          0,
          get_llvm_type_from_sql_array_type(func_ti, cgen_state_->context_));
      null_array_alloca = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateAlloca(arr_struct_ty);
    }
    const auto args_notnull_lv = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateNot(
        codegenFunctionOperNullArg(function_oper, orig_arg_lvs));
    args_notnull_bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(
        cgen_state_->context_, "args_notnull", cgen_state_->current_func_);
    args_null_bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(
        cgen_state_->context_, "args_null", cgen_state_->current_func_);
    cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateCondBr(args_notnull_lv, args_notnull_bb, args_null_bb);
    cgen_state_->ir_builder_.SetInsertPoint(args_notnull_bb);
  }
  return std::make_tuple(
      CodeGenerator::ArgNullcheckBBs{args_null_bb, args_notnull_bb, orig_bb},
      null_array_alloca);
}

// Wrap up the control flow needed for NULL argument handling.
llvm::Value* CodeGenerator::endArgsNullcheck(
    const ArgNullcheckBBs& bbs,
    llvm::Value* fn_ret_lv,
    llvm::Value* null_array_ptr,
    const Analyzer::FunctionOper* function_oper) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  if (bbs.args_null_bb) {
    CHECK(bbs.args_notnull_bb);
    cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateBr(bbs.args_null_bb);
    cgen_state_->ir_builder_.SetInsertPoint(bbs.args_null_bb);

    llvm::PHINode* ext_call_phi{nullptr};
    llvm::Value* null_lv{nullptr};
    const auto func_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
    if (!func_ti.is_buffer()) {
      // The pre-cast SQL equivalent of the type returned by the extension function.
      const auto extension_ret_ti = get_sql_type_from_llvm_type(fn_ret_lv->getType());

      ext_call_phi = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePHI(
          extension_ret_ti.is_fp()
              ? get_fp_type(extension_ret_ti.get_size() * 8, cgen_state_->context_)
              : get_int_type(extension_ret_ti.get_size() * 8, cgen_state_->context_),
          2);

      null_lv =
          extension_ret_ti.is_fp()
              ? static_cast<llvm::Value*>(cgen_state_->inlineFpNull(extension_ret_ti))
              : static_cast<llvm::Value*>(cgen_state_->inlineIntNull(extension_ret_ti));
    } else {
      const auto arr_struct_ty = get_buffer_struct_type(
          cgen_state_,
          function_oper->getName(),
          0,
          get_llvm_type_from_sql_array_type(func_ti, cgen_state_->context_));
      ext_call_phi =
          cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePHI(llvm::PointerType::get(arr_struct_ty, 0), 2);

      CHECK(null_array_ptr);
      const auto arr_null_bool =
          cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(arr_struct_ty, null_array_ptr, 2);
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(
          llvm::ConstantInt::get(get_int_type(8, cgen_state_->context_), 1),
          arr_null_bool);

      const auto arr_null_size =
          cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(arr_struct_ty, null_array_ptr, 1);
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(
          llvm::ConstantInt::get(get_int_type(64, cgen_state_->context_), 0),
          arr_null_size);
    }
    ext_call_phi->addIncoming(fn_ret_lv, bbs.args_notnull_bb);
    ext_call_phi->addIncoming(func_ti.is_buffer() ? null_array_ptr : null_lv,
                              bbs.orig_bb);

    return ext_call_phi;
  }
  return fn_ret_lv;
}

namespace {

bool call_requires_custom_type_handling(const Analyzer::FunctionOper* function_oper) {
  const auto& ret_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
  if (!ret_ti.is_integer() && !ret_ti.is_fp()) {
    return true;
  }
  for (size_t i = 0; i < function_oper->getArity(); ++i) {
    const auto arg = function_oper->getArg(i);
    const auto& arg_ti = arg->get_type_info();
    if (!arg_ti.is_integer() && !arg_ti.is_fp()) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

}  // namespace

llvm::Value* CodeGenerator::codegenFunctionOperWithCustomTypeHandling(
    const Analyzer::FunctionOperWithCustomTypeHandling* function_oper,
    const CompilationOptions& co) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  if (call_requires_custom_type_handling(function_oper)) {
    // Some functions need the return type to be the same as the input type.
    if (function_oper->getName() == "FLOOR" || function_oper->getName() == "CEIL") {
      CHECK_EQ(size_t(1), function_oper->getArity());
      const auto arg = function_oper->getArg(0);
      const auto& arg_ti = arg->get_type_info();
      CHECK(arg_ti.is_decimal());
      const auto arg_lvs = codegen(arg, true, co);
      CHECK_EQ(size_t(1), arg_lvs.size());
      const auto arg_lv = arg_lvs.front();
      CHECK(arg_lv->getType()->isIntegerTy(64));
      CodeGenerator::ArgNullcheckBBs bbs;
      std::tie(bbs, std::ignore) = beginArgsNullcheck(function_oper, {arg_lvs});
      const std::string func_name =
          (function_oper->getName() == "FLOOR") ? "decimal_floor" : "decimal_ceil";
      const auto covar_result_lv = cgen_state_->emitCall(
          func_name, {arg_lv, cgen_state_->llInt(exp_to_scale(arg_ti.get_scale()))});
      const auto ret_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
      CHECK(ret_ti.is_decimal());
      CHECK_EQ(0, ret_ti.get_scale());
      const auto result_lv = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateSDiv(
          covar_result_lv, cgen_state_->llInt(exp_to_scale(arg_ti.get_scale())));
      return endArgsNullcheck(bbs, result_lv, nullptr, function_oper);
    } else if (function_oper->getName() == "ROUND" &&
               function_oper->getArg(0)->get_type_info().is_decimal()) {
      CHECK_EQ(size_t(2), function_oper->getArity());

      const auto arg0 = function_oper->getArg(0);
      const auto& arg0_ti = arg0->get_type_info();
      const auto arg0_lvs = codegen(arg0, true, co);
      CHECK_EQ(size_t(1), arg0_lvs.size());
      const auto arg0_lv = arg0_lvs.front();
      CHECK(arg0_lv->getType()->isIntegerTy(64));

      const auto arg1 = function_oper->getArg(1);
      const auto& arg1_ti = arg1->get_type_info();
      CHECK(arg1_ti.is_integer());
      const auto arg1_lvs = codegen(arg1, true, co);
      auto arg1_lv = arg1_lvs.front();
      if (arg1_ti.get_type() != kINT) {
        arg1_lv = codegenCast(arg1_lv, arg1_ti, SQLTypeInfo(kINT, true), false, co);
      }

      CodeGenerator::ArgNullcheckBBs bbs0;
      std::tie(bbs0, std::ignore) =
          beginArgsNullcheck(function_oper, {arg0_lv, arg1_lvs.front()});

      const std::string func_name = "Round__4";
      const auto ret_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
      CHECK(ret_ti.is_decimal());
      const auto result_lv = cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
          func_name,
          get_int_type(64, cgen_state_->context_),
          {arg0_lv, arg1_lv, cgen_state_->llInt(arg0_ti.get_scale())});

      return endArgsNullcheck(bbs0, result_lv, nullptr, function_oper);
    }
    throw std::runtime_error("Type combination not supported for function " +
                             function_oper->getName());
  }
  return codegenFunctionOper(function_oper, co);
}

// Generates code which returns true iff at least one of the arguments is NULL.
llvm::Value* CodeGenerator::codegenFunctionOperNullArg(
    const Analyzer::FunctionOper* function_oper,
    const std::vector<llvm::Value*>& orig_arg_lvs) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  llvm::Value* one_arg_null =
      llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::IntegerType::getInt1Ty(cgen_state_->context_), false);
  size_t physical_coord_cols = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0, j = 0; i < function_oper->getArity();
       ++i, j += std::max(size_t(1), physical_coord_cols)) {
    const auto arg = function_oper->getArg(i);
    const auto& arg_ti = arg->get_type_info();
    physical_coord_cols = arg_ti.get_physical_coord_cols();
    if (arg_ti.get_notnull()) {
      continue;
    }
    auto geo_expr_arg = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::GeoExpr*>(arg);
    if (geo_expr_arg && arg_ti.is_geometry()) {
      CHECK(arg_ti.get_type() == kPOINT);
      auto is_null_lv = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateICmp(
          llvm::CmpInst::ICMP_EQ,
          orig_arg_lvs[j],
          llvm::ConstantPointerNull::get(  // TODO: centralize logic; in geo expr?
              arg_ti.get_compression() == kENCODING_GEOINT
                  ? llvm::Type::getInt32PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_)
                  : llvm::Type::getDoublePtrTy(cgen_state_->context_)));
      one_arg_null = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateOr(one_arg_null, is_null_lv);
      physical_coord_cols = 2;  // number of lvs to advance
      continue;
    }
#ifdef ENABLE_GEOS
    // If geo arg is coming from geos, skip the null check, assume it's a valid geo
    if (arg_ti.is_geometry()) {
      auto* coords_load = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::LoadInst>(orig_arg_lvs[i]);
      if (coords_load) {
        continue;
      }
    }
#endif
    if (arg_ti.is_geometry()) {
      auto* coords_alloca = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::AllocaInst>(orig_arg_lvs[j]);
      auto* coords_phi = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::PHINode>(orig_arg_lvs[j]);
      if (coords_alloca || coords_phi) {
        // TODO: null check dynamically generated geometries
        continue;
      }
    }
    if (arg_ti.is_text_encoding_dict()) {
      one_arg_null = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateOr(
          one_arg_null, codegenIsNullNumber(orig_arg_lvs[j], arg_ti));
      continue;
    }
    if (arg_ti.is_buffer() || arg_ti.is_geometry()) {
      // POINT [un]compressed coord check requires custom checker and chunk iterator
      // Non-POINT NULL geographies will have a normally encoded null coord array
      auto fname =
          (arg_ti.get_type() == kPOINT) ? "point_coord_array_is_null" : "array_is_null";
      auto is_null_lv = cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
          fname, get_int_type(1, cgen_state_->context_), {orig_arg_lvs[j], posArg(arg)});
      one_arg_null = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateOr(one_arg_null, is_null_lv);
      continue;
    }
    CHECK(arg_ti.is_number() or arg_ti.is_boolean());
    one_arg_null = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateOr(
        one_arg_null, codegenIsNullNumber(orig_arg_lvs[j], arg_ti));
  }
  return one_arg_null;
}

llvm::Value* CodeGenerator::codegenCompression(const SQLTypeInfo& type_info) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  int32_t compression = (type_info.get_compression() == kENCODING_GEOINT &&
                         type_info.get_comp_param() == 32)
                            ? 1
                            : 0;

  return cgen_state_->llInt(compression);
}

std::pair<llvm::Value*, llvm::Value*> CodeGenerator::codegenArrayBuff(
    llvm::Value* chunk,
    llvm::Value* row_pos,
    SQLTypes array_type,
    bool cast_and_extend) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  const auto elem_ti =
      SQLTypeInfo(
          SQLTypes::kARRAY, 0, 0, false, EncodingType::kENCODING_NONE, 0, array_type)
          .get_elem_type();

  auto buff = cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
      "array_buff", llvm::Type::getInt32PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_), {chunk, row_pos});

  auto len = cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
      "array_size",
      get_int_type(32, cgen_state_->context_),
      {chunk, row_pos, cgen_state_->llInt(log2_bytes(elem_ti.get_logical_size()))});

  if (cast_and_extend) {
    buff = castArrayPointer(buff, elem_ti);
    len =
        cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateZExt(len, get_int_type(64, cgen_state_->context_));
  }

  return std::make_pair(buff, len);
}

void CodeGenerator::codegenBufferArgs(const std::string& ext_func_name,
                                      size_t param_num,
                                      llvm::Value* buffer_buf,
                                      llvm::Value* buffer_size,
                                      llvm::Value* buffer_null,
                                      std::vector<llvm::Value*>& output_args) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(buffer_buf);
  CHECK(buffer_size);

  auto buffer_abstraction = get_buffer_struct_type(
      cgen_state_, ext_func_name, param_num, buffer_buf->getType());
  auto alloc_mem = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateAlloca(buffer_abstraction);

  auto buffer_buf_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(buffer_abstraction, alloc_mem, 0);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(buffer_buf, buffer_buf_ptr);

  auto buffer_size_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(buffer_abstraction, alloc_mem, 1);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(buffer_size, buffer_size_ptr);

  auto bool_extended_type = llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(cgen_state_->context_);
  auto buffer_null_extended =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateZExt(buffer_null, bool_extended_type);
  auto buffer_is_null_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(buffer_abstraction, alloc_mem, 2);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(buffer_null_extended, buffer_is_null_ptr);
  output_args.push_back(alloc_mem);
}

llvm::StructType* CodeGenerator::createPointStructType(const std::string& udf_func_name,
                                                       size_t param_num) {
  llvm::Module* module_for_lookup = cgen_state_->module_;
  llvm::Function* udf_func = module_for_lookup->getFunction(udf_func_name);

  llvm::StructType* generated_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state_->context_,
                            {llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_)},
                            false);

  if (udf_func) {
    llvm::FunctionType* udf_func_type = udf_func->getFunctionType();
    CHECK(param_num < udf_func_type->getNumParams());
    llvm::Type* param_pointer_type = udf_func_type->getParamType(param_num);
    CHECK(param_pointer_type->isPointerTy());
    llvm::Type* param_type = param_pointer_type->getPointerElementType();
    CHECK(param_type->isStructTy());
    llvm::StructType* struct_type = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(param_type);
    CHECK_EQ(struct_type->getStructNumElements(), 5u)
        << serialize_llvm_object(struct_type);
    const auto expected_elems = generated_struct_type->elements();
    const auto current_elems = struct_type->elements();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_elems.size(); i++) {
      CHECK_EQ(expected_elems[i], current_elems[i]);
    }
    if (struct_type->isLiteral()) {
      return struct_type;
    }

    llvm::StringRef struct_name = struct_type->getStructName();
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 12
    llvm::StructType* point_type =
        struct_type->getTypeByName(cgen_state_->context_, struct_name);
#else
    llvm::StructType* point_type = module_for_lookup->getTypeByName(struct_name);
#endif
    CHECK(point_type);

    return point_type;
  }
  return generated_struct_type;
}

void CodeGenerator::codegenGeoPointArgs(const std::string& udf_func_name,
                                        size_t param_num,
                                        llvm::Value* point_buf,
                                        llvm::Value* point_size,
                                        llvm::Value* compression,
                                        llvm::Value* input_srid,
                                        llvm::Value* output_srid,
                                        std::vector<llvm::Value*>& output_args) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(point_buf);
  CHECK(point_size);
  CHECK(compression);
  CHECK(input_srid);
  CHECK(output_srid);

  auto point_abstraction = createPointStructType(udf_func_name, param_num);
  auto alloc_mem = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateAlloca(point_abstraction, nullptr);

  auto point_buf_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 0);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(point_buf, point_buf_ptr);

  auto point_size_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 1);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(point_size, point_size_ptr);

  auto point_compression_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 2);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(compression, point_compression_ptr);

  auto input_srid_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 3);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(input_srid, input_srid_ptr);

  auto output_srid_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 4);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(output_srid, output_srid_ptr);

  output_args.push_back(alloc_mem);
}

llvm::StructType* CodeGenerator::createMultiPointStructType(
    const std::string& udf_func_name,
    size_t param_num) {
  llvm::Module* module_for_lookup = cgen_state_->module_;
  llvm::Function* udf_func = module_for_lookup->getFunction(udf_func_name);

  llvm::StructType* generated_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state_->context_,
                            {llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_)},
                            false);

  if (udf_func) {
    llvm::FunctionType* udf_func_type = udf_func->getFunctionType();
    CHECK(param_num < udf_func_type->getNumParams());
    llvm::Type* param_pointer_type = udf_func_type->getParamType(param_num);
    CHECK(param_pointer_type->isPointerTy());
    llvm::Type* param_type = param_pointer_type->getPointerElementType();
    CHECK(param_type->isStructTy());
    llvm::StructType* struct_type = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(param_type);
    CHECK(struct_type->isStructTy());
    CHECK_EQ(struct_type->getStructNumElements(), 5u);

    const auto expected_elems = generated_struct_type->elements();
    const auto current_elems = struct_type->elements();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_elems.size(); i++) {
      CHECK_EQ(expected_elems[i], current_elems[i]);
    }
    if (struct_type->isLiteral()) {
      return struct_type;
    }

    llvm::StringRef struct_name = struct_type->getStructName();
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 12
    llvm::StructType* multi_point_type =
        struct_type->getTypeByName(cgen_state_->context_, struct_name);
#else
    llvm::StructType* multi_point_type = module_for_lookup->getTypeByName(struct_name);
#endif
    CHECK(multi_point_type);

    return multi_point_type;
  }
  return generated_struct_type;
}

void CodeGenerator::codegenGeoMultiPointArgs(const std::string& udf_func_name,
                                             size_t param_num,
                                             llvm::Value* multi_point_buf,
                                             llvm::Value* multi_point_size,
                                             llvm::Value* compression,
                                             llvm::Value* input_srid,
                                             llvm::Value* output_srid,
                                             std::vector<llvm::Value*>& output_args) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(multi_point_buf);
  CHECK(multi_point_size);
  CHECK(compression);
  CHECK(input_srid);
  CHECK(output_srid);

  auto multi_point_abstraction = createMultiPointStructType(udf_func_name, param_num);
  auto alloc_mem =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateAlloca(multi_point_abstraction, nullptr);

  auto multi_point_buf_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(multi_point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 0);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(multi_point_buf, multi_point_buf_ptr);

  auto multi_point_size_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(multi_point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 1);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(multi_point_size, multi_point_size_ptr);

  auto compression_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(multi_point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 2);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(compression, compression_ptr);

  auto input_srid_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(multi_point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 3);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(input_srid, input_srid_ptr);

  auto output_srid_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(multi_point_abstraction, alloc_mem, 4);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(output_srid, output_srid_ptr);

  output_args.push_back(alloc_mem);
}

llvm::StructType* CodeGenerator::createLineStringStructType(
    const std::string& udf_func_name,
    size_t param_num) {
  llvm::Module* module_for_lookup = cgen_state_->module_;
  llvm::Function* udf_func = module_for_lookup->getFunction(udf_func_name);

  llvm::StructType* generated_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state_->context_,
                            {llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_)},
                            false);

  if (udf_func) {
    llvm::FunctionType* udf_func_type = udf_func->getFunctionType();
    CHECK(param_num < udf_func_type->getNumParams());
    llvm::Type* param_pointer_type = udf_func_type->getParamType(param_num);
    CHECK(param_pointer_type->isPointerTy());
    llvm::Type* param_type = param_pointer_type->getPointerElementType();
    CHECK(param_type->isStructTy());
    llvm::StructType* struct_type = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(param_type);
    CHECK(struct_type->isStructTy());
    CHECK_EQ(struct_type->getStructNumElements(), 5u);

    const auto expected_elems = generated_struct_type->elements();
    const auto current_elems = struct_type->elements();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_elems.size(); i++) {
      CHECK_EQ(expected_elems[i], current_elems[i]);
    }
    if (struct_type->isLiteral()) {
      return struct_type;
    }

    llvm::StringRef struct_name = struct_type->getStructName();
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 12
    llvm::StructType* line_string_type =
        struct_type->getTypeByName(cgen_state_->context_, struct_name);
#else
    llvm::StructType* line_string_type = module_for_lookup->getTypeByName(struct_name);
#endif
    CHECK(line_string_type);

    return line_string_type;
  }
  return generated_struct_type;
}

void CodeGenerator::codegenGeoLineStringArgs(const std::string& udf_func_name,
                                             size_t param_num,
                                             llvm::Value* line_string_buf,
                                             llvm::Value* line_string_size,
                                             llvm::Value* compression,
                                             llvm::Value* input_srid,
                                             llvm::Value* output_srid,
                                             std::vector<llvm::Value*>& output_args) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(line_string_buf);
  CHECK(line_string_size);
  CHECK(compression);
  CHECK(input_srid);
  CHECK(output_srid);

  auto line_string_abstraction = createLineStringStructType(udf_func_name, param_num);
  auto alloc_mem =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateAlloca(line_string_abstraction, nullptr);

  auto line_string_buf_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(line_string_abstraction, alloc_mem, 0);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(line_string_buf, line_string_buf_ptr);

  auto line_string_size_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(line_string_abstraction, alloc_mem, 1);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(line_string_size, line_string_size_ptr);

  auto line_string_compression_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(line_string_abstraction, alloc_mem, 2);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(compression, line_string_compression_ptr);

  auto input_srid_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(line_string_abstraction, alloc_mem, 3);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(input_srid, input_srid_ptr);

  auto output_srid_ptr =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(line_string_abstraction, alloc_mem, 4);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(output_srid, output_srid_ptr);

  output_args.push_back(alloc_mem);
}

llvm::StructType* CodeGenerator::createMultiLineStringStructType(
    const std::string& udf_func_name,
    size_t param_num) {
  llvm::Module* module_for_lookup = cgen_state_->module_;
  llvm::Function* udf_func = module_for_lookup->getFunction(udf_func_name);

  llvm::StructType* generated_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state_->context_,
                            {llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_)},
                            false);

  if (udf_func) {
    llvm::FunctionType* udf_func_type = udf_func->getFunctionType();
    CHECK(param_num < udf_func_type->getNumParams());
    llvm::Type* param_pointer_type = udf_func_type->getParamType(param_num);
    CHECK(param_pointer_type->isPointerTy());
    llvm::Type* param_type = param_pointer_type->getPointerElementType();
    CHECK(param_type->isStructTy());
    llvm::StructType* struct_type = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(param_type);
    CHECK(struct_type->isStructTy());
    CHECK_EQ(struct_type->getStructNumElements(), 7u);

    const auto expected_elems = generated_struct_type->elements();
    const auto current_elems = struct_type->elements();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_elems.size(); i++) {
      CHECK_EQ(expected_elems[i], current_elems[i]);
    }
    if (struct_type->isLiteral()) {
      return struct_type;
    }

    llvm::StringRef struct_name = struct_type->getStructName();
#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 12
    llvm::StructType* multi_linestring_type =
        struct_type->getTypeByName(cgen_state_->context_, struct_name);
#else
    llvm::StructType* multi_linestring_type =
        module_for_lookup->getTypeByName(struct_name);
#endif
    CHECK(multi_linestring_type);

    return multi_linestring_type;
  }
  return generated_struct_type;
}

void CodeGenerator::codegenGeoMultiLineStringArgs(
    const std::string& udf_func_name,
    size_t param_num,
    llvm::Value* multi_linestring_coords,
    llvm::Value* multi_linestring_coords_size,
    llvm::Value* linestring_sizes,
    llvm::Value* linestring_sizes_size,
    llvm::Value* compression,
    llvm::Value* input_srid,
    llvm::Value* output_srid,
    std::vector<llvm::Value*>& output_args) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(multi_linestring_coords);
  CHECK(multi_linestring_coords_size);
  CHECK(linestring_sizes);
  CHECK(linestring_sizes_size);
  CHECK(compression);
  CHECK(input_srid);
  CHECK(output_srid);

  auto multi_linestring_abstraction =
      createMultiLineStringStructType(udf_func_name, param_num);
  auto alloc_mem =
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateAlloca(multi_linestring_abstraction, nullptr);

  auto multi_linestring_coords_ptr = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(
      multi_linestring_abstraction, alloc_mem, 0);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(multi_linestring_coords,
                                       multi_linestring_coords_ptr);

  auto multi_linestring_coords_size_ptr = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(
      multi_linestring_abstraction, alloc_mem, 1);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(multi_linestring_coords_size,
                                       multi_linestring_coords_size_ptr);

  auto linestring_sizes_ptr = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(
      multi_linestring_abstraction, alloc_mem, 2);
  const auto linestring_sizes_ptr_ty =
      llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::PointerType>(linestring_sizes_ptr->getType());
  CHECK(linestring_sizes_ptr_ty);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(
      cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateBitCast(
          linestring_sizes, linestring_sizes_ptr_ty->getPointerElementType()),
      linestring_sizes_ptr);

  auto linestring_sizes_size_ptr = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(
      multi_linestring_abstraction, alloc_mem, 3);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(linestring_sizes_size, linestring_sizes_size_ptr);

  auto multi_linestring_compression_ptr = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(
      multi_linestring_abstraction, alloc_mem, 4);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(compression, multi_linestring_compression_ptr);

  auto input_srid_ptr = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(
      multi_linestring_abstraction, alloc_mem, 5);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(input_srid, input_srid_ptr);

  auto output_srid_ptr = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStructGEP(
      multi_linestring_abstraction, alloc_mem, 6);
  cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateStore(output_srid, output_srid_ptr);

  output_args.push_back(alloc_mem);
}

llvm::StructType* CodeGenerator::createPolygonStructType(const std::string& udf_func_name,
                                                         size_t param_num) {
  llvm::Module* module_for_lookup = cgen_state_->module_;
  llvm::Function* udf_func = module_for_lookup->getFunction(udf_func_name);

  llvm::StructType* generated_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state_->context_,
                            {llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_)},
                            false);

  if (udf_func) {
    llvm::FunctionType* udf_func_type = udf_func->getFunctionType();
    CHECK(param_num < udf_func_type->getNumParams());
    llvm::Type* param_pointer_type = udf_func_type->getParamType(param_num);
    CHECK(param_pointer_type->isPointerTy());
    llvm::Type* param_type = param_pointer_type->getPointerElementType();
    CHECK(param_type->isStructTy());
    llvm::StructType* struct_type = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(param_type);

    CHECK(struct_type->isStructTy());
    CHECK_EQ(struct_type->getStructNumElements(), 7u);

    const auto expected_elems = generated_struct_type->elements();
    const auto current_elems = struct_type->elements();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_elems.size(); i++) {
      CHECK_EQ(expected_elems[i], current_elems[i]);
    }
    if (struct_type->isLiteral()) {
      return struct_type;
    }

    llvm::StringRef struct_name = struct_type->getStructName();

#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 12
    llvm::StructType* polygon_type =
        struct_type->getTypeByName(cgen_state_->context_, struct_name);
#else
    llvm::StructType* polygon_type = module_for_lookup->getTypeByName(struct_name);
#endif
    CHECK(polygon_type);

    return polygon_type;
  }
  return generated_struct_type;
}

void CodeGenerator::codegenGeoPolygonArgs(const std::string& udf_func_name,
                                          size_t param_num,
                                          llvm::Value* polygon_buf,
                                          llvm::Value* polygon_size,
                                          llvm::Value* ring_sizes_buf,
                                          llvm::Value* num_rings,
                                          llvm::Value* compression,
                                          llvm::Value* input_srid,
                                          llvm::Value* output_srid,
                                          std::vector<llvm::Value*>& output_args) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(polygon_buf);
  CHECK(polygon_size);
  CHECK(ring_sizes_buf);
  CHECK(num_rings);
  CHECK(compression);
  CHECK(input_srid);
  CHECK(output_srid);

  auto& builder = cgen_state_->ir_builder_;

  auto polygon_abstraction = createPolygonStructType(udf_func_name, param_num);
  auto alloc_mem = builder.CreateAlloca(polygon_abstraction, nullptr);

  const auto polygon_buf_ptr = builder.CreateStructGEP(polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 0);
  builder.CreateStore(polygon_buf, polygon_buf_ptr);

  const auto polygon_size_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 1);
  builder.CreateStore(polygon_size, polygon_size_ptr);

  const auto ring_sizes_buf_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 2);
  const auto ring_sizes_ptr_ty =
      llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::PointerType>(ring_sizes_buf_ptr->getType());
  CHECK(ring_sizes_ptr_ty);
  builder.CreateStore(
      builder.CreateBitCast(ring_sizes_buf, ring_sizes_ptr_ty->getPointerElementType()),
      ring_sizes_buf_ptr);

  const auto ring_size_ptr = builder.CreateStructGEP(polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 3);
  builder.CreateStore(num_rings, ring_size_ptr);

  const auto polygon_compression_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 4);
  builder.CreateStore(compression, polygon_compression_ptr);

  const auto input_srid_ptr = builder.CreateStructGEP(polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 5);
  builder.CreateStore(input_srid, input_srid_ptr);

  const auto output_srid_ptr = builder.CreateStructGEP(polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 6);
  builder.CreateStore(output_srid, output_srid_ptr);

  output_args.push_back(alloc_mem);
}

llvm::StructType* CodeGenerator::createMultiPolygonStructType(
    const std::string& udf_func_name,
    size_t param_num) {
  llvm::Function* udf_func = cgen_state_->module_->getFunction(udf_func_name);

  llvm::StructType* generated_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state_->context_,
                            {llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt32Ty(cgen_state_->context_)},
                            false);

  if (udf_func) {
    llvm::FunctionType* udf_func_type = udf_func->getFunctionType();
    CHECK(param_num < udf_func_type->getNumParams());
    llvm::Type* param_pointer_type = udf_func_type->getParamType(param_num);
    CHECK(param_pointer_type->isPointerTy());
    llvm::Type* param_type = param_pointer_type->getPointerElementType();
    CHECK(param_type->isStructTy());
    llvm::StructType* struct_type = llvm::cast<llvm::StructType>(param_type);
    CHECK(struct_type->isStructTy());
    CHECK_EQ(struct_type->getStructNumElements(), 9u);
    const auto expected_elems = generated_struct_type->elements();
    const auto current_elems = struct_type->elements();
    for (size_t i = 0; i < expected_elems.size(); i++) {
      CHECK_EQ(expected_elems[i], current_elems[i]);
    }
    if (struct_type->isLiteral()) {
      return struct_type;
    }
    llvm::StringRef struct_name = struct_type->getStructName();

#if LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR >= 12
    llvm::StructType* polygon_type =
        struct_type->getTypeByName(cgen_state_->context_, struct_name);
#else
    llvm::StructType* polygon_type = cgen_state_->module_->getTypeByName(struct_name);
#endif
    CHECK(polygon_type);

    return polygon_type;
  }
  return generated_struct_type;
}

void CodeGenerator::codegenGeoMultiPolygonArgs(const std::string& udf_func_name,
                                               size_t param_num,
                                               llvm::Value* polygon_coords,
                                               llvm::Value* polygon_coords_size,
                                               llvm::Value* ring_sizes_buf,
                                               llvm::Value* ring_sizes,
                                               llvm::Value* polygon_bounds,
                                               llvm::Value* polygon_bounds_sizes,
                                               llvm::Value* compression,
                                               llvm::Value* input_srid,
                                               llvm::Value* output_srid,
                                               std::vector<llvm::Value*>& output_args) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(polygon_coords);
  CHECK(polygon_coords_size);
  CHECK(ring_sizes_buf);
  CHECK(ring_sizes);
  CHECK(polygon_bounds);
  CHECK(polygon_bounds_sizes);
  CHECK(compression);
  CHECK(input_srid);
  CHECK(output_srid);

  auto& builder = cgen_state_->ir_builder_;

  auto multi_polygon_abstraction = createMultiPolygonStructType(udf_func_name, param_num);
  auto alloc_mem = builder.CreateAlloca(multi_polygon_abstraction, nullptr);

  const auto polygon_coords_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 0);
  builder.CreateStore(polygon_coords, polygon_coords_ptr);

  const auto polygon_coords_size_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 1);
  builder.CreateStore(polygon_coords_size, polygon_coords_size_ptr);

  const auto ring_sizes_buf_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 2);
  const auto ring_sizes_ptr_ty =
      llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::PointerType>(ring_sizes_buf_ptr->getType());
  CHECK(ring_sizes_ptr_ty);
  builder.CreateStore(
      builder.CreateBitCast(ring_sizes_buf, ring_sizes_ptr_ty->getPointerElementType()),
      ring_sizes_buf_ptr);

  const auto ring_sizes_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 3);
  builder.CreateStore(ring_sizes, ring_sizes_ptr);

  const auto polygon_bounds_buf_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 4);
  const auto bounds_ptr_ty =
      llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::PointerType>(polygon_bounds_buf_ptr->getType());
  CHECK(bounds_ptr_ty);
  builder.CreateStore(
      builder.CreateBitCast(polygon_bounds, bounds_ptr_ty->getPointerElementType()),
      polygon_bounds_buf_ptr);

  const auto polygon_bounds_sizes_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 5);
  builder.CreateStore(polygon_bounds_sizes, polygon_bounds_sizes_ptr);

  const auto polygon_compression_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 6);
  builder.CreateStore(compression, polygon_compression_ptr);

  const auto input_srid_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 7);
  builder.CreateStore(input_srid, input_srid_ptr);

  const auto output_srid_ptr =
      builder.CreateStructGEP(multi_polygon_abstraction, alloc_mem, 8);
  builder.CreateStore(output_srid, output_srid_ptr);

  output_args.push_back(alloc_mem);
}

// Generate CAST operations for arguments in `orig_arg_lvs` to the types required by
// `ext_func_sig`.
std::vector<llvm::Value*> CodeGenerator::codegenFunctionOperCastArgs(
    const Analyzer::FunctionOper* function_oper,
    const ExtensionFunction* ext_func_sig,
    const std::vector<llvm::Value*>& orig_arg_lvs,
    const std::vector<size_t>& orig_arg_lvs_index,
    const std::unordered_map<llvm::Value*, llvm::Value*>& const_arr_size,
    const CompilationOptions& co) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  CHECK(ext_func_sig);
  const auto& ext_func_args = ext_func_sig->getInputArgs();
  CHECK_LE(function_oper->getArity(), ext_func_args.size());
  const auto func_ti = function_oper->get_type_info();
  std::vector<llvm::Value*> args;
  /*
    i: argument in RA for the function operand
    j: extra offset in ext_func_args
    k: origin_arg_lvs counter, equal to orig_arg_lvs_index[i]
    ij: ext_func_args counter, equal to i + j
    dj: offset when UDF implementation first argument corresponds to return value
   */
  for (size_t i = 0, j = 0, dj = (func_ti.is_buffer() ? 1 : 0);
       i < function_oper->getArity();
       ++i) {
    size_t k = orig_arg_lvs_index[i];
    size_t ij = i + j;
    const auto arg = function_oper->getArg(i);
    const auto ext_func_arg = ext_func_args[ij];
    const auto& arg_ti = arg->get_type_info();
    llvm::Value* arg_lv{nullptr};
    if (arg_ti.is_bytes()) {
      CHECK(ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::TextEncodingNone)
          << ::toString(ext_func_arg);
      const auto ptr_lv = orig_arg_lvs[k + 1];
      const auto len_lv = orig_arg_lvs[k + 2];
      auto& builder = cgen_state_->ir_builder_;
      auto string_buf_arg = builder.CreatePointerCast(
          ptr_lv, llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
      auto string_size_arg =
          builder.CreateZExt(len_lv, get_int_type(64, cgen_state_->context_));
      auto padding = ll_int<int8_t>(0, cgen_state_->context_);
      codegenBufferArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                        ij + dj,
                        string_buf_arg,
                        string_size_arg,
                        padding,
                        args);
    } else if (arg_ti.is_text_encoding_dict()) {
      CHECK(ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::TextEncodingDict)
          << ::toString(ext_func_arg);
      arg_lv = orig_arg_lvs[k];
      args.push_back(arg_lv);
    } else if (arg_ti.is_array()) {
      bool const_arr = (const_arr_size.count(orig_arg_lvs[k]) > 0);
      const auto elem_ti = arg_ti.get_elem_type();
      // TODO: switch to fast fixlen variants
      const auto ptr_lv = (const_arr)
                              ? orig_arg_lvs[k]
                              : cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
                                    "array_buff",
                                    llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                                    {orig_arg_lvs[k], posArg(arg)});
      const auto len_lv =
          (const_arr) ? const_arr_size.at(orig_arg_lvs[k])
                      : cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
                            "array_size",
                            get_int_type(32, cgen_state_->context_),
                            {orig_arg_lvs[k],
                             posArg(arg),
                             cgen_state_->llInt(log2_bytes(elem_ti.get_logical_size()))});

      if (is_ext_arg_type_pointer(ext_func_arg)) {
        args.push_back(castArrayPointer(ptr_lv, elem_ti));
        args.push_back(cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateZExt(
            len_lv, get_int_type(64, cgen_state_->context_)));
        j++;
      } else if (is_ext_arg_type_array(ext_func_arg)) {
        auto array_buf_arg = castArrayPointer(ptr_lv, elem_ti);
        auto& builder = cgen_state_->ir_builder_;
        auto array_size_arg =
            builder.CreateZExt(len_lv, get_int_type(64, cgen_state_->context_));
        llvm::Value* array_null_arg = nullptr;
        if (auto gep = llvm::dyn_cast<llvm::GetElementPtrInst>(ptr_lv)) {
          CHECK(gep->getSourceElementType()->isArrayTy());
          // gep has the form
          // %17 = getelementptr [9 x i32], [9 x i32]* %7, i32 0
          // and was created by passing a const array to the UDF function:
          // select array_append({11, 22, 33}, 4);
          array_null_arg = ll_bool(false, cgen_state_->context_);
        } else {
          array_null_arg =
              cgen_state_->emitExternalCall("array_is_null",
                                            get_int_type(1, cgen_state_->context_),
                                            {orig_arg_lvs[k], posArg(arg)});
        }
        codegenBufferArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                          ij + dj,
                          array_buf_arg,
                          array_size_arg,
                          array_null_arg,
                          args);
      } else {
        UNREACHABLE();
      }

    } else if (arg_ti.is_geometry()) {
      auto geo_expr_arg = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::GeoExpr*>(arg);
      if (geo_expr_arg) {
        auto ptr_lv = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateBitCast(
            orig_arg_lvs[k], llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
        args.push_back(ptr_lv);
        // TODO: remove when we normalize extension functions geo sizes to int32
        auto size_lv = cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateSExt(
            orig_arg_lvs[k + 1], llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(cgen_state_->context_));
        args.push_back(size_lv);
        j++;
        continue;
      }
      // Coords
      bool const_arr = (const_arr_size.count(orig_arg_lvs[k]) > 0);
      // NOTE(adb): We're generating code to handle the TINYINT array only -- the actual
      // geo encoding (or lack thereof) does not matter here
      const auto elem_ti = SQLTypeInfo(SQLTypes::kARRAY,
                                       0,
                                       0,
                                       false,
                                       EncodingType::kENCODING_NONE,
                                       0,
                                       SQLTypes::kTINYINT)
                               .get_elem_type();
      llvm::Value* ptr_lv;
      llvm::Value* len_lv;
      int32_t fixlen = -1;
      if (arg_ti.get_type() == kPOINT) {
        const auto col_var = dynamic_cast<const Analyzer::ColumnVar*>(arg);
        if (col_var) {
          const auto coords_cd = executor()->getPhysicalColumnDescriptor(col_var, 1);
          if (coords_cd && coords_cd->columnType.get_type() == kARRAY) {
            fixlen = coords_cd->columnType.get_size();
          }
        }
      }
      if (fixlen > 0) {
        ptr_lv =
            cgen_state_->emitExternalCall("fast_fixlen_array_buff",
                                          llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                                          {orig_arg_lvs[k], posArg(arg)});
        len_lv = cgen_state_->llInt(int32_t(fixlen));
      } else {
        // TODO: remove const_arr  and related code if it's not needed
        ptr_lv = (const_arr) ? orig_arg_lvs[k]
                             : cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
                                   "array_buff",
                                   llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                                   {orig_arg_lvs[k], posArg(arg)});
        len_lv = (const_arr)
                     ? const_arr_size.at(orig_arg_lvs[k])
                     : cgen_state_->emitExternalCall(
                           "array_size",
                           get_int_type(32, cgen_state_->context_),
                           {orig_arg_lvs[k],
                            posArg(arg),
                            cgen_state_->llInt(log2_bytes(elem_ti.get_logical_size()))});
      }

      if (is_ext_arg_type_geo(ext_func_arg)) {
        if (arg_ti.get_type() == kPOINT || arg_ti.get_type() == kLINESTRING ||
            arg_ti.get_type() == kMULTIPOINT) {
          auto array_buf_arg = castArrayPointer(ptr_lv, elem_ti);
          auto compression_val = codegenCompression(arg_ti);
          auto input_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_input_srid());
          auto output_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_output_srid());

          if (arg_ti.get_type() == kPOINT) {
            CHECK_EQ(k, ij);
            codegenGeoPointArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                                ij + dj,
                                array_buf_arg,
                                len_lv,
                                compression_val,
                                input_srid_val,
                                output_srid_val,
                                args);
          } else if (arg_ti.get_type() == kMULTIPOINT) {
            CHECK_EQ(k, ij);
            codegenGeoMultiPointArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                                     ij + dj,
                                     array_buf_arg,
                                     len_lv,
                                     compression_val,
                                     input_srid_val,
                                     output_srid_val,
                                     args);
          } else {
            CHECK_EQ(k, ij);
            codegenGeoLineStringArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                                     ij + dj,
                                     array_buf_arg,
                                     len_lv,
                                     compression_val,
                                     input_srid_val,
                                     output_srid_val,
                                     args);
          }
        }
      } else {
        CHECK(ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::PInt8);
        args.push_back(castArrayPointer(ptr_lv, elem_ti));
        args.push_back(cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreateZExt(
            len_lv, get_int_type(64, cgen_state_->context_)));
        j++;
      }

      switch (arg_ti.get_type()) {
        case kPOINT:
        case kMULTIPOINT:
        case kLINESTRING:
          break;
        case kMULTILINESTRING: {
          if (ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::GeoMultiLineString) {
            auto multi_linestring_coords = castArrayPointer(ptr_lv, elem_ti);
            auto compression_val = codegenCompression(arg_ti);
            auto input_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_input_srid());
            auto output_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_output_srid());

            auto [linestring_sizes, linestring_sizes_size] =
                codegenArrayBuff(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                 posArg(arg),
                                 SQLTypes::kINT,
                                 /*cast_and_extend=*/false);
            CHECK_EQ(k, ij);
            codegenGeoMultiLineStringArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                                          ij + dj,
                                          multi_linestring_coords,
                                          len_lv,
                                          linestring_sizes,
                                          linestring_sizes_size,
                                          compression_val,
                                          input_srid_val,
                                          output_srid_val,
                                          args);
          } else {
            CHECK(ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::PInt8);
            // Linestring Sizes
            auto const_arr = const_arr_size.count(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1]) > 0;
            auto [linestring_sizes, linestring_sizes_size] =
                (const_arr) ? std::make_pair(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                             const_arr_size.at(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1]))
                            : codegenArrayBuff(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                               posArg(arg),
                                               SQLTypes::kINT,
                                               /*cast_and_extend=*/true);
            args.push_back(linestring_sizes);
            args.push_back(linestring_sizes_size);
            j += 2;
          }
          break;
        }
        case kPOLYGON: {
          if (ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::GeoPolygon) {
            auto array_buf_arg = castArrayPointer(ptr_lv, elem_ti);
            auto compression_val = codegenCompression(arg_ti);
            auto input_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_input_srid());
            auto output_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_output_srid());

            auto [ring_size_buff, ring_size] =
                codegenArrayBuff(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                 posArg(arg),
                                 SQLTypes::kINT,
                                 /*cast_and_extend=*/false);
            CHECK_EQ(k, ij);
            codegenGeoPolygonArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                                  ij + dj,
                                  array_buf_arg,
                                  len_lv,
                                  ring_size_buff,
                                  ring_size,
                                  compression_val,
                                  input_srid_val,
                                  output_srid_val,
                                  args);
          } else {
            CHECK(ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::PInt8);
            // Ring Sizes
            auto const_arr = const_arr_size.count(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1]) > 0;
            auto [ring_size_buff, ring_size] =
                (const_arr) ? std::make_pair(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                             const_arr_size.at(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1]))
                            : codegenArrayBuff(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                               posArg(arg),
                                               SQLTypes::kINT,
                                               /*cast_and_extend=*/true);
            args.push_back(ring_size_buff);
            args.push_back(ring_size);
            j += 2;
          }
          break;
        }
        case kMULTIPOLYGON: {
          if (ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::GeoMultiPolygon) {
            auto array_buf_arg = castArrayPointer(ptr_lv, elem_ti);
            auto compression_val = codegenCompression(arg_ti);
            auto input_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_input_srid());
            auto output_srid_val = cgen_state_->llInt(arg_ti.get_output_srid());

            auto [ring_size_buff, ring_size] =
                codegenArrayBuff(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                 posArg(arg),
                                 SQLTypes::kINT,
                                 /*cast_and_extend=*/false);

            auto [poly_bounds_buff, poly_bounds_size] =
                codegenArrayBuff(orig_arg_lvs[k + 2],
                                 posArg(arg),
                                 SQLTypes::kINT,
                                 /*cast_and_extend=*/false);
            CHECK_EQ(k, ij);
            codegenGeoMultiPolygonArgs(ext_func_sig->getName(),
                                       ij + dj,
                                       array_buf_arg,
                                       len_lv,
                                       ring_size_buff,
                                       ring_size,
                                       poly_bounds_buff,
                                       poly_bounds_size,
                                       compression_val,
                                       input_srid_val,
                                       output_srid_val,
                                       args);
          } else {
            CHECK(ext_func_arg == ExtArgumentType::PInt8);
            // Ring Sizes
            {
              auto const_arr = const_arr_size.count(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1]) > 0;
              auto [ring_size_buff, ring_size] =
                  (const_arr) ? std::make_pair(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                               const_arr_size.at(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1]))
                              : codegenArrayBuff(orig_arg_lvs[k + 1],
                                                 posArg(arg),
                                                 SQLTypes::kINT,
                                                 /*cast_and_extend=*/true);

              args.push_back(ring_size_buff);
              args.push_back(ring_size);
            }
            // Poly Rings
            {
              auto const_arr = const_arr_size.count(orig_arg_lvs[k + 2]) > 0;
              auto [poly_bounds_buff, poly_bounds_size] =
                  (const_arr)
                      ? std::make_pair(orig_arg_lvs[k + 2],
                                       const_arr_size.at(orig_arg_lvs[k + 2]))
                      : codegenArrayBuff(
                            orig_arg_lvs[k + 2], posArg(arg), SQLTypes::kINT, true);

              args.push_back(poly_bounds_buff);
              args.push_back(poly_bounds_size);
            }
            j += 4;
          }
          break;
        }
        default:
          CHECK(false);
      }
    } else {
      CHECK(is_ext_arg_type_scalar(ext_func_arg));
      const auto arg_target_ti = ext_arg_type_to_type_info(ext_func_arg);
      if (arg_ti.get_type() != arg_target_ti.get_type()) {
        arg_lv = codegenCast(orig_arg_lvs[k], arg_ti, arg_target_ti, false, co);
      } else {
        arg_lv = orig_arg_lvs[k];
      }
      CHECK_EQ(arg_lv->getType(),
               ext_arg_type_to_llvm_type(ext_func_arg, cgen_state_->context_));
      args.push_back(arg_lv);
    }
  }
  return args;
}

llvm::Value* CodeGenerator::castArrayPointer(llvm::Value* ptr,
                                             const SQLTypeInfo& elem_ti) {
  AUTOMATIC_IR_METADATA(cgen_state_);
  if (elem_ti.get_type() == kFLOAT) {
    return cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePointerCast(
        ptr, llvm::Type::getFloatPtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
  }
  if (elem_ti.get_type() == kDOUBLE) {
    return cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePointerCast(
        ptr, llvm::Type::getDoublePtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
  }
  CHECK(elem_ti.is_integer() || elem_ti.is_boolean() ||
        (elem_ti.is_string() && elem_ti.get_compression() == kENCODING_DICT));
  switch (elem_ti.get_size()) {
    case 1:
      return cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePointerCast(
          ptr, llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
    case 2:
      return cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePointerCast(
          ptr, llvm::Type::getInt16PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
    case 4:
      return cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePointerCast(
          ptr, llvm::Type::getInt32PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
    case 8:
      return cgen_state_->ir_builder_.CreatePointerCast(
          ptr, llvm::Type::getInt64PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_));
    default:
      CHECK(false);
  }
  return nullptr;
}

// Reflects struct StringView defined in Shared/Datum.h
llvm::StructType* CodeGenerator::createStringViewStructType() {
  auto* const string_view_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(cgen_state_->context_,
                            {llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(cgen_state_->context_),
                             llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(cgen_state_->context_)});
  string_view_type->setName("StringView");
  return string_view_type;
}