TableFunctionCompilationContext.cpp

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/*
 * Copyright 2022 HEAVY.AI, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "QueryEngine/TableFunctions/TableFunctionCompilationContext.h"

#include <llvm/IR/InstIterator.h>
#include <llvm/IR/Verifier.h>
#include <llvm/Support/raw_os_ostream.h>
#include <llvm/Transforms/Utils/BasicBlockUtils.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>

#include "QueryEngine/CodeGenerator.h"
#include "QueryEngine/QueryEngine.h"

namespace {

llvm::Function* generate_entry_point(const CgenState* cgen_state) {
  auto& ctx = cgen_state->context_;
  const auto pi8_type = llvm::PointerType::get(get_int_type(8, ctx), 0);
  const auto ppi8_type = llvm::PointerType::get(pi8_type, 0);
  const auto pi64_type = llvm::PointerType::get(get_int_type(64, ctx), 0);
  const auto ppi64_type = llvm::PointerType::get(pi64_type, 0);
  const auto i32_type = get_int_type(32, ctx);

  const auto func_type = llvm::FunctionType::get(
      i32_type,
      {pi8_type, ppi8_type, pi64_type, ppi8_type, ppi64_type, ppi8_type, pi64_type},
      false);

  auto func = llvm::Function::Create(func_type,
                                     llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage,
                                     "call_table_function",
                                     cgen_state->module_);
  auto arg_it = func->arg_begin();
  const auto mgr_arg = &*arg_it;
  mgr_arg->setName("mgr_ptr");
  const auto input_cols_arg = &*(++arg_it);
  input_cols_arg->setName("input_col_buffers");
  const auto input_row_counts = &*(++arg_it);
  input_row_counts->setName("input_row_counts");
  const auto input_str_dict_proxies = &*(++arg_it);
  input_str_dict_proxies->setName("input_str_dict_proxies");
  const auto output_buffers = &*(++arg_it);
  output_buffers->setName("output_buffers");
  const auto output_str_dict_proxies = &*(++arg_it);
  output_str_dict_proxies->setName("output_str_dict_proxies");
  const auto output_row_count = &*(++arg_it);
  output_row_count->setName("output_row_count");
  return func;
}

inline llvm::Type* get_llvm_type_from_sql_column_type(const SQLTypeInfo elem_ti,
                                                      llvm::LLVMContext& ctx) {
  if (elem_ti.is_fp()) {
    return get_fp_ptr_type(elem_ti.get_size() * 8, ctx);
  } else if (elem_ti.is_boolean()) {
    return get_int_ptr_type(8, ctx);
  } else if (elem_ti.is_integer()) {
    return get_int_ptr_type(elem_ti.get_size() * 8, ctx);
  } else if (elem_ti.is_string()) {
    if (elem_ti.get_compression() == kENCODING_DICT) {
      return get_int_ptr_type(elem_ti.get_size() * 8, ctx);
    }
    CHECK(elem_ti.is_bytes());  // None encoded string
    return get_int_ptr_type(8, ctx);
  } else if (elem_ti.is_timestamp()) {
    return get_int_ptr_type(elem_ti.get_size() * 8, ctx);
  } else if (elem_ti.is_array()) {
    return get_int_ptr_type(8, ctx);
  }
  LOG(FATAL) << "get_llvm_type_from_sql_column_type: not implemented for "
             << ::toString(elem_ti);
  return nullptr;
}

void initialize_ptr_member(llvm::Value* member_ptr,
                           llvm::Type* member_llvm_type,
                           llvm::Value* value_ptr,
                           llvm::IRBuilder<>& ir_builder) {
  if (value_ptr != nullptr) {
    if (value_ptr->getType() == member_llvm_type->getPointerElementType()) {
      ir_builder.CreateStore(value_ptr, member_ptr);
    } else {
      auto tmp = ir_builder.CreateBitCast(value_ptr, member_llvm_type);
      ir_builder.CreateStore(tmp, member_ptr);
    }
  } else {
    ir_builder.CreateStore(llvm::Constant::getNullValue(member_llvm_type), member_ptr);
  }
}

void initialize_int64_member(llvm::Value* member_ptr,
                             llvm::Value* value,
                             int64_t default_value,
                             llvm::LLVMContext& ctx,
                             llvm::IRBuilder<>& ir_builder) {
  llvm::Value* val = nullptr;
  if (value != nullptr) {
    auto value_type = value->getType();
    if (value_type->isPointerTy()) {
      CHECK(value_type->getPointerElementType()->isIntegerTy(64));
      val = ir_builder.CreateLoad(value->getType()->getPointerElementType(), value);
    } else {
      CHECK(value_type->isIntegerTy(64));
      val = value;
    }
    ir_builder.CreateStore(val, member_ptr);
  } else {
    auto const_default =
        llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx), default_value, true);
    ir_builder.CreateStore(const_default, member_ptr);
  }
}

std::tuple<llvm::Value*, llvm::Value*> alloc_column(std::string col_name,
                                                    const size_t index,
                                                    const SQLTypeInfo& data_target_info,
                                                    llvm::Value* data_ptr,
                                                    llvm::Value* data_size,
                                                    llvm::Value* data_str_dict_proxy_ptr,
                                                    llvm::LLVMContext& ctx,
                                                    llvm::IRBuilder<>& ir_builder) {
  /*
    Creates a new Column instance of given element type and initialize
    its data ptr and sz members when specified. If data ptr or sz are
    unspecified (have nullptr values) then the corresponding members
    are initialized with NULL and -1, respectively.

    If we are allocating a TextEncodingDict Column type, this function
    adds and populates a int8* pointer to a StringDictProxy object.

    Return a pair of Column allocation (caller should apply
    builder.CreateLoad to it in order to construct a Column instance
    as a value) and a pointer to the Column instance.
   */
  const bool is_text_encoding_dict_type =
      data_target_info.is_string() &&
      data_target_info.get_compression() == kENCODING_DICT;
  llvm::StructType* col_struct_type;
  llvm::Type* data_ptr_llvm_type =
      get_llvm_type_from_sql_column_type(data_target_info, ctx);
  if (is_text_encoding_dict_type) {
    col_struct_type = llvm::StructType::get(
        ctx,
        {
            data_ptr_llvm_type,           /* T* ptr */
            llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx),  /* int64_t sz */
            llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(ctx) /* int8_t* string_dictionary_ptr */
        });
  } else {
    col_struct_type =
        llvm::StructType::get(ctx,
                              {
                                  data_ptr_llvm_type,         /* T* ptr */
                                  llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx) /* int64_t sz */
                              });
  }

  auto col = ir_builder.CreateAlloca(col_struct_type);
  col->setName(col_name);
  auto col_ptr_ptr = ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_struct_type, col, 0);
  auto col_sz_ptr = ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_struct_type, col, 1);
  auto col_str_dict_ptr = is_text_encoding_dict_type
                              ? ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_struct_type, col, 2)
                              : nullptr;
  col_ptr_ptr->setName(col_name + ".ptr");
  col_sz_ptr->setName(col_name + ".sz");
  if (is_text_encoding_dict_type) {
    col_str_dict_ptr->setName(col_name + ".string_dict_proxy");
  }

  initialize_ptr_member(col_ptr_ptr, data_ptr_llvm_type, data_ptr, ir_builder);
  initialize_int64_member(col_sz_ptr, data_size, -1, ctx, ir_builder);
  if (is_text_encoding_dict_type) {
    initialize_ptr_member(col_str_dict_ptr,
                          llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(ctx),
                          data_str_dict_proxy_ptr,
                          ir_builder);
  }
  auto col_ptr = ir_builder.CreatePointerCast(
      col_ptr_ptr, llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(ctx), 0));
  col_ptr->setName(col_name + "_ptr");
  return {col, col_ptr};
}

llvm::Value* alloc_column_list(std::string col_list_name,
                               const SQLTypeInfo& data_target_info,
                               llvm::Value* data_ptrs,
                               int length,
                               llvm::Value* data_size,
                               llvm::Value* data_str_dict_proxy_ptrs,
                               llvm::LLVMContext& ctx,
                               llvm::IRBuilder<>& ir_builder) {
  /*
    Creates a new ColumnList instance of given element type and initialize
    its members. If data ptr or size are unspecified (have nullptr
    values) then the corresponding members are initialized with NULL
    and -1, respectively.
   */
  llvm::Type* data_ptrs_llvm_type = llvm::Type::getInt8PtrTy(ctx);
  const bool is_text_encoding_dict_type =
      data_target_info.is_string() &&
      data_target_info.get_compression() == kENCODING_DICT;

  llvm::StructType* col_list_struct_type =
      is_text_encoding_dict_type
          ? llvm::StructType::get(
                ctx,
                {
                    data_ptrs_llvm_type,         /* int8_t* ptrs */
                    llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx), /* int64_t length */
                    llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx), /* int64_t size */
                    data_ptrs_llvm_type          /* int8_t* str_dict_proxy_ptrs */
                })
          : llvm::StructType::get(ctx,
                                  {
                                      data_ptrs_llvm_type,         /* int8_t* ptrs */
                                      llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx), /* int64_t length */
                                      llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx)  /* int64_t size */
                                  });

  auto col_list = ir_builder.CreateAlloca(col_list_struct_type);
  col_list->setName(col_list_name);
  auto col_list_ptr_ptr = ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_list_struct_type, col_list, 0);
  auto col_list_length_ptr =
      ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_list_struct_type, col_list, 1);
  auto col_list_size_ptr = ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_list_struct_type, col_list, 2);
  auto col_str_dict_ptr_ptr =
      is_text_encoding_dict_type
          ? ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_list_struct_type, col_list, 3)
          : nullptr;

  col_list_ptr_ptr->setName(col_list_name + ".ptrs");
  col_list_length_ptr->setName(col_list_name + ".length");
  col_list_size_ptr->setName(col_list_name + ".size");
  if (is_text_encoding_dict_type) {
    col_str_dict_ptr_ptr->setName(col_list_name + ".string_dict_proxies");
  }

  initialize_ptr_member(col_list_ptr_ptr, data_ptrs_llvm_type, data_ptrs, ir_builder);

  CHECK(length >= 0);
  auto const_length = llvm::ConstantInt::get(llvm::Type::getInt64Ty(ctx), length, true);
  ir_builder.CreateStore(const_length, col_list_length_ptr);

  initialize_int64_member(col_list_size_ptr, data_size, -1, ctx, ir_builder);

  if (is_text_encoding_dict_type) {
    initialize_ptr_member(col_str_dict_ptr_ptr,
                          data_str_dict_proxy_ptrs->getType(),
                          data_str_dict_proxy_ptrs,
                          ir_builder);
  }

  auto col_list_ptr = ir_builder.CreatePointerCast(
      col_list_ptr_ptr, llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::Type::getInt8Ty(ctx), 0));
  col_list_ptr->setName(col_list_name + "_ptrs");
  return col_list_ptr;
}

static bool columnTypeRequiresCasting(const SQLTypeInfo& ti) {
  /*
  Returns whether a column requires casting before table function execution based on its
  underlying SQL type
  */

  if (!ti.is_column()) {
    return false;
  }

  // TIMESTAMP columns should always have nanosecond precision
  if (ti.get_subtype() == kTIMESTAMP && ti.get_precision() != 9) {
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

llvm::Value* cast_value(llvm::Value* value,
                        SQLTypeInfo& orig_ti,
                        SQLTypeInfo& dest_ti,
                        bool nullable,
                        CodeGenerator& codeGenerator) {
  /*
  Codegens a cast of a value from a given origin type to a given destination type, if such
  implementation is available. Errors for unsupported casts.
  */
  if (orig_ti.is_timestamp() && dest_ti.is_timestamp()) {
    return codeGenerator.codegenCastBetweenTimestamps(
        value, orig_ti, dest_ti, !dest_ti.get_notnull());
  } else {
    throw std::runtime_error("Unsupported cast from " + orig_ti.get_type_name() + " to " +
                             dest_ti.get_type_name() + " during UDTF code generation.");
  }
}

void cast_column(llvm::Value* col_base_ptr,
                 llvm::Function* func,
                 SQLTypeInfo& orig_ti,
                 SQLTypeInfo& dest_ti,
                 std::string index,
                 llvm::IRBuilder<>& ir_builder,
                 llvm::LLVMContext& ctx,
                 CodeGenerator& codeGenerator) {
  /*
  Generates code to cast a Column instance from a given origin
  SQLType to a new destinaton SQLType. To do so, it generates a
  loop with the following overall structure:

     --------------
     | pre_header |
     |   i = 0    |
     --------------
           |
           v
    ----------------              ----------------
    |    cond      |              |     body     |
    | i < col.size |   (True) ->  | cast(col[i]) |
    ----------------              |     i++      |
        (False) ^                 ----------------
           |     \____________________/
           |
           v
    ---------------
    |     end     |
    ---------------

  The correctness of the cast as well as error handling/early
  exiting in case of cast failures are left to the CodeGenerator
  which generates the code for the cast operation itself.
 */

  llvm::BasicBlock* for_pre =
      llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "for_pre_cast." + index, func);
  llvm::BasicBlock* for_cond =
      llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "for_cond_cast." + index, func);
  llvm::BasicBlock* for_body =
      llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "for_body_cast." + index, func);
  llvm::BasicBlock* for_end =
      llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, "for_end_cast." + index, func);
  ir_builder.CreateBr(for_pre);

  // pre-header: load column ptr and size
  ir_builder.SetInsertPoint(for_pre);
  llvm::Type* data_type = get_llvm_type_from_sql_column_type(orig_ti, ctx);
  llvm::StructType* col_struct_type =
      llvm::StructType::get(ctx, {data_type, ir_builder.getInt64Ty()});
  llvm::Value* struct_cast = ir_builder.CreateBitCast(
      col_base_ptr, col_struct_type->getPointerTo(), "col_struct." + index);
  llvm::Value* gep_ptr = ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(
      col_struct_type, struct_cast, 0, "col_ptr_addr." + index);
  llvm::Value* col_ptr = ir_builder.CreateLoad(data_type, gep_ptr, "col_ptr." + index);
  llvm::Value* gep_sz =
      ir_builder.CreateStructGEP(col_struct_type, struct_cast, 1, "col_sz_addr." + index);
  llvm::Value* col_sz =
      ir_builder.CreateLoad(ir_builder.getInt64Ty(), gep_sz, "col_sz." + index);
  ir_builder.CreateBr(for_cond);

  // condition: check induction variable against loop predicate
  ir_builder.SetInsertPoint(for_cond);
  llvm::PHINode* for_ind_var =
      ir_builder.CreatePHI(ir_builder.getInt64Ty(), 2, "for_ind_var." + index);
  for_ind_var->addIncoming(ir_builder.getInt64(0), for_pre);
  llvm::Value* for_pred =
      ir_builder.CreateICmpSLT(for_ind_var, col_sz, "for_pred." + index);
  ir_builder.CreateCondBr(for_pred, for_body, for_end);

  // body: perform value cast, increment induction variable
  ir_builder.SetInsertPoint(for_body);
  ;
  llvm::Value* val_gep = ir_builder.CreateInBoundsGEP(
      ir_builder.getInt64Ty(), col_ptr, for_ind_var, "val_gep." + index);
  llvm::Value* val_load =
      ir_builder.CreateLoad(ir_builder.getInt64Ty(), val_gep, "val_load." + index);
  llvm::Value* cast_result = cast_value(val_load, orig_ti, dest_ti, false, codeGenerator);
  cast_result->setName("cast_result." + index);
  ir_builder.CreateStore(cast_result, val_gep);
  llvm::Value* for_inc =
      ir_builder.CreateAdd(for_ind_var, ir_builder.getInt64(1), "for_inc." + index);
  ir_builder.CreateBr(for_cond);
  // the cast codegening may have generated extra blocks, so for_body does not necessarily
  // jump to for_cond directly
  llvm::Instruction* inc_as_inst = llvm::cast<llvm::Instruction>(for_inc);
  for_ind_var->addIncoming(for_inc, inc_as_inst->getParent());
  ir_builder.SetInsertPoint(for_end);
}

std::string exprsKey(const std::vector<Analyzer::Expr*>& exprs) {
  std::string result;
  for (const auto& expr : exprs) {
    const auto& ti = expr->get_type_info();
    result += ti.to_string() + ", ";
  }
  return result;
}

}  // namespace

std::shared_ptr<CompilationContext> TableFunctionCompilationContext::compile(
    const TableFunctionExecutionUnit& exe_unit,
    bool emit_only_preflight_fn) {
  auto timer = DEBUG_TIMER(__func__);

  // Here we assume that Executor::tf_code_accessor is cleared when a
  // UDTF implementation is changed. TODO: Ideally, the key should
  // contain a hash of an UDTF implementation string. This could be
  // achieved by including the hash value to the prefix of the UDTF
  // name, for instance.
  CodeCacheKey key{exe_unit.table_func.getName(),
                   exprsKey(exe_unit.input_exprs),
                   exprsKey(exe_unit.target_exprs),
                   std::to_string(emit_only_preflight_fn),
                   std::to_string(co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU)};

  auto cached_code = QueryEngine::getInstance()->tf_code_accessor->get_or_wait(key);
  if (cached_code) {
    return *cached_code;
  }

  auto cgen_state = executor_->getCgenStatePtr();
  CHECK(cgen_state);
  CHECK(cgen_state->module_ == nullptr);
  cgen_state->set_module_shallow_copy(executor_->get_rt_module());

  entry_point_func_ = generate_entry_point(cgen_state);

  generateEntryPoint(exe_unit, emit_only_preflight_fn);

  if (co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU) {
    CHECK(!emit_only_preflight_fn);
    generateGpuKernel();
  }

  QueryEngine::getInstance()->tf_code_accessor->swap(key,
                                                     finalize(emit_only_preflight_fn));
  return QueryEngine::getInstance()->tf_code_accessor->get_value(key);
}

bool TableFunctionCompilationContext::passColumnsByValue(
    const TableFunctionExecutionUnit& exe_unit) {
  bool is_gpu = co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU;
  auto mod = executor_->get_rt_udf_module(is_gpu).get();
  if (mod != nullptr) {
    auto* flag = mod->getModuleFlag("pass_column_arguments_by_value");
    if (auto* cnt = llvm::mdconst::extract_or_null<llvm::ConstantInt>(flag)) {
      return cnt->getZExtValue();
    }
  }

  // fallback to original behavior
  return exe_unit.table_func.isRuntime();
}

void TableFunctionCompilationContext::generateTableFunctionCall(
    const TableFunctionExecutionUnit& exe_unit,
    const std::vector<llvm::Value*>& func_args,
    llvm::BasicBlock* bb_exit,
    llvm::Value* output_row_count_ptr,
    bool emit_only_preflight_fn) {
  auto cgen_state = executor_->getCgenStatePtr();
  // Emit llvm IR code to call the table function
  llvm::LLVMContext& ctx = cgen_state->context_;
  llvm::IRBuilder<>* ir_builder = &cgen_state->ir_builder_;

  std::string func_name =
      (emit_only_preflight_fn ? exe_unit.table_func.getPreFlightFnName()
                              : exe_unit.table_func.getName(false, true));
  llvm::Value* table_func_return =
      cgen_state->emitExternalCall(func_name, get_int_type(32, ctx), func_args);

  table_func_return->setName(emit_only_preflight_fn ? "preflight_check_func_ret"
                                                    : "table_func_ret");

  // If table_func_return is non-negative then store the value in
  // output_row_count and return zero. Otherwise, return
  // table_func_return that negative value contains the error code.
  llvm::BasicBlock* bb_exit_0 =
      llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, ".exit0", entry_point_func_);

  llvm::Constant* const_zero =
      llvm::ConstantInt::get(table_func_return->getType(), 0, true);
  llvm::Value* is_ok = ir_builder->CreateICmpSGE(table_func_return, const_zero);
  ir_builder->CreateCondBr(is_ok, bb_exit_0, bb_exit);

  ir_builder->SetInsertPoint(bb_exit_0);
  llvm::Value* r =
      ir_builder->CreateIntCast(table_func_return, get_int_type(64, ctx), true);
  ir_builder->CreateStore(r, output_row_count_ptr);
  ir_builder->CreateRet(const_zero);

  ir_builder->SetInsertPoint(bb_exit);
  ir_builder->CreateRet(table_func_return);
}

void TableFunctionCompilationContext::generateEntryPoint(
    const TableFunctionExecutionUnit& exe_unit,
    bool emit_only_preflight_fn) {
  auto timer = DEBUG_TIMER(__func__);
  CHECK(entry_point_func_);
  CHECK_EQ(entry_point_func_->arg_size(), 7);
  auto arg_it = entry_point_func_->arg_begin();
  const auto mgr_ptr = &*arg_it;
  const auto input_cols_arg = &*(++arg_it);
  const auto input_row_counts_arg = &*(++arg_it);
  const auto input_str_dict_proxies_arg = &*(++arg_it);
  const auto output_buffers_arg = &*(++arg_it);
  const auto output_str_dict_proxies_arg = &*(++arg_it);
  const auto output_row_count_ptr = &*(++arg_it);
  auto cgen_state = executor_->getCgenStatePtr();
  CHECK(cgen_state);
  auto& ctx = cgen_state->context_;

  llvm::BasicBlock* bb_entry =
      llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, ".entry", entry_point_func_, 0);
  cgen_state->ir_builder_.SetInsertPoint(bb_entry);

  llvm::BasicBlock* bb_exit = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, ".exit", entry_point_func_);

  llvm::BasicBlock* func_body_bb = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(
      ctx, ".func_body0", cgen_state->ir_builder_.GetInsertBlock()->getParent());

  cgen_state->ir_builder_.SetInsertPoint(bb_entry);
  cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateBr(func_body_bb);

  cgen_state->ir_builder_.SetInsertPoint(func_body_bb);
  auto col_heads = generate_column_heads_load(
      exe_unit.input_exprs.size(), input_cols_arg, cgen_state->ir_builder_, ctx);
  CHECK_EQ(exe_unit.input_exprs.size(), col_heads.size());
  auto row_count_heads = generate_column_heads_load(
      exe_unit.input_exprs.size(), input_row_counts_arg, cgen_state->ir_builder_, ctx);

  auto input_str_dict_proxy_heads = std::vector<llvm::Value*>();
  if (!emit_only_preflight_fn and co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::CPU) {
    input_str_dict_proxy_heads = generate_column_heads_load(exe_unit.input_exprs.size(),
                                                            input_str_dict_proxies_arg,
                                                            cgen_state->ir_builder_,
                                                            ctx);
  }
  // The column arguments of C++ UDTFs processed by clang must be
  // passed by reference, see rbc issues 200 and 289.
  auto pass_column_by_value = passColumnsByValue(exe_unit);
  std::vector<llvm::Value*> func_args;
  std::vector<std::pair<llvm::Value*, const SQLTypeInfo>> columns_to_cast;
  size_t func_arg_index = 0;
  if (exe_unit.table_func.usesManager()) {
    func_args.push_back(mgr_ptr);
    func_arg_index++;
  }
  int col_index = -1;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < exe_unit.input_exprs.size(); i++) {
    const auto& expr = exe_unit.input_exprs[i];
    const auto& ti = expr->get_type_info();
    if (col_index == -1) {
      func_arg_index += 1;
    }
    if (ti.is_fp()) {
      auto r = cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateBitCast(
          col_heads[i], get_fp_ptr_type(get_bit_width(ti), ctx));
      llvm::LoadInst* scalar_fp = cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateLoad(
          r->getType()->getPointerElementType(),
          r,
          "input_scalar_fp." + std::to_string(func_arg_index));
      func_args.push_back(scalar_fp);
      CHECK_EQ(col_index, -1);
    } else if (ti.is_integer() || ti.is_boolean() || ti.is_timestamp() ||
               ti.is_timeinterval()) {
      auto r = cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateBitCast(
          col_heads[i], get_int_ptr_type(get_bit_width(ti), ctx));
      llvm::LoadInst* scalar_int = cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateLoad(
          r->getType()->getPointerElementType(),
          r,
          "input_scalar_int." + std::to_string(func_arg_index));
      func_args.push_back(scalar_int);
      CHECK_EQ(col_index, -1);
    } else if (ti.is_bytes()) {
      auto varchar_size =
          cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateBitCast(col_heads[i], get_int_ptr_type(64, ctx));
      auto varchar_ptr = cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateGEP(
          col_heads[i]->getType()->getScalarType()->getPointerElementType(),
          col_heads[i],
          cgen_state->llInt(8));
      auto [varchar_struct, varchar_struct_ptr] = alloc_column(
          std::string("input_varchar_literal.") + std::to_string(func_arg_index),
          i,
          ti,
          varchar_ptr,
          varchar_size,
          nullptr,
          ctx,
          cgen_state->ir_builder_);
      func_args.push_back(
          (pass_column_by_value
               ? cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateLoad(
                     varchar_struct->getType()->getPointerElementType(), varchar_struct)
               : varchar_struct_ptr));
      CHECK_EQ(col_index, -1);
    } else if (ti.is_column()) {
      auto [col, col_ptr] = alloc_column(
          std::string("input_col.") + std::to_string(func_arg_index),
          i,
          ti.get_elem_type(),
          col_heads[i],
          row_count_heads[i],
          (co_.device_type != ExecutorDeviceType::CPU || emit_only_preflight_fn)
              ? nullptr
              : input_str_dict_proxy_heads[i],
          ctx,
          cgen_state->ir_builder_);
      func_args.push_back((pass_column_by_value
                               ? cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateLoad(
                                     col->getType()->getPointerElementType(), col)
                               : col_ptr));

      if (columnTypeRequiresCasting(ti) &&
          exe_unit.table_func.mayRequireCastingInputTypes()) {
        columns_to_cast.push_back(std::make_pair(col_ptr, ti));
      }
      CHECK_EQ(col_index, -1);
    } else if (ti.is_column_list()) {
      if (col_index == -1) {
        auto col_list = alloc_column_list(
            std::string("input_col_list.") + std::to_string(func_arg_index),
            ti.get_elem_type(),
            col_heads[i],
            ti.get_dimension(),
            row_count_heads[i],
            (emit_only_preflight_fn) ? nullptr : input_str_dict_proxy_heads[i],
            ctx,
            cgen_state->ir_builder_);
        func_args.push_back(col_list);
      }
      col_index++;
      if (col_index + 1 == ti.get_dimension()) {
        col_index = -1;
      }
    } else {
      throw std::runtime_error(
          "Only integer and floating point columns or scalars are supported as inputs to "
          "table "
          "functions, got " +
          ti.get_type_name());
    }
  }
  auto output_str_dict_proxy_heads =
      co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::CPU
          ? (generate_column_heads_load(exe_unit.target_exprs.size(),
                                        output_str_dict_proxies_arg,
                                        cgen_state->ir_builder_,
                                        ctx))
          : std::vector<llvm::Value*>();

  std::vector<llvm::Value*> output_col_args;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < exe_unit.target_exprs.size(); i++) {
    auto* gep = cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateGEP(
        output_buffers_arg->getType()->getScalarType()->getPointerElementType(),
        output_buffers_arg,
        cgen_state->llInt(i));
    auto output_load =
        cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateLoad(gep->getType()->getPointerElementType(), gep);
    const auto& expr = exe_unit.target_exprs[i];
    const auto& ti = expr->get_type_info();
    CHECK(!ti.is_column());       // UDTF output column type is its data type
    CHECK(!ti.is_column_list());  // TODO: when UDTF outputs column_list, convert it to
                                  // output columns
    auto [col, col_ptr] = alloc_column(
        std::string("output_col.") + std::to_string(i),
        i,
        ti,
        (co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU
             ? output_load
             : nullptr),  // CPU: set_output_row_size will set the output
                          // Column ptr member
        output_row_count_ptr,
        co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::CPU ? output_str_dict_proxy_heads[i]
                                                   : nullptr,
        ctx,
        cgen_state->ir_builder_);
    if (co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::CPU && !emit_only_preflight_fn) {
      cgen_state->emitExternalCall(
          "TableFunctionManager_register_output_column",
          llvm::Type::getVoidTy(ctx),
          {mgr_ptr, llvm::ConstantInt::get(get_int_type(32, ctx), i, true), col_ptr});
    }
    output_col_args.push_back((pass_column_by_value ? col : col_ptr));
  }

  // output column members must be set before loading column when
  // column instances are passed by value
  if ((exe_unit.table_func.hasOutputSizeKnownPreLaunch() ||
       exe_unit.table_func.hasPreFlightOutputSizer()) &&
      (co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::CPU) && !emit_only_preflight_fn) {
    cgen_state->emitExternalCall(
        "TableFunctionManager_set_output_row_size",
        llvm::Type::getVoidTy(ctx),
        {mgr_ptr,
         cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateLoad(
             output_row_count_ptr->getType()->getPointerElementType(),
             output_row_count_ptr)});
  }

  if (!emit_only_preflight_fn) {
    for (auto& col : output_col_args) {
      func_args.push_back((pass_column_by_value
                               ? cgen_state->ir_builder_.CreateLoad(
                                     col->getType()->getPointerElementType(), col)
                               : col));
    }
  }

  if (exe_unit.table_func.mayRequireCastingInputTypes() && !emit_only_preflight_fn) {
    generateCastsForInputTypes(exe_unit, columns_to_cast, mgr_ptr);
  }

  generateTableFunctionCall(
      exe_unit, func_args, bb_exit, output_row_count_ptr, emit_only_preflight_fn);

  // std::cout << "=================================" << std::endl;
  // entry_point_func_->print(llvm::outs());
  // std::cout << "=================================" << std::endl;

  verify_function_ir(entry_point_func_);
}

void TableFunctionCompilationContext::generateCastsForInputTypes(
    const TableFunctionExecutionUnit& exe_unit,
    const std::vector<std::pair<llvm::Value*, const SQLTypeInfo>>& columns_to_cast,
    llvm::Value* mgr_ptr) {
  auto* cgen_state = executor_->getCgenStatePtr();
  llvm::LLVMContext& ctx = cgen_state->context_;
  llvm::IRBuilder<>* ir_builder = &cgen_state->ir_builder_;
  CodeGenerator codeGenerator = CodeGenerator(cgen_state, executor_->getPlanStatePtr());
  llvm::Function* old_func = cgen_state->current_func_;
  cgen_state->current_func_ =
      entry_point_func_;  // update cgen_state current func for CodeGenerator

  for (unsigned i = 0; i < columns_to_cast.size(); ++i) {
    auto [col_ptr, ti] = columns_to_cast[i];

    if (ti.is_column() && ti.get_subtype() == kTIMESTAMP && ti.get_precision() != 9) {
      // TIMESTAMP columns should always have nanosecond precision
      SQLTypeInfo orig_ti = SQLTypeInfo(
          ti.get_subtype(), ti.get_precision(), ti.get_dimension(), ti.get_notnull());
      SQLTypeInfo dest_ti =
          SQLTypeInfo(kTIMESTAMP, 9, ti.get_dimension(), ti.get_notnull());
      cast_column(col_ptr,
                  entry_point_func_,
                  orig_ti,
                  dest_ti,
                  std::to_string(i + 1),
                  *ir_builder,
                  ctx,
                  codeGenerator);
    }
  }

  // The QueryEngine CodeGenerator will codegen return values corresponding to
  // QueryExecutionError codes. Since at the table function level we'd like error handling
  // to be done by the TableFunctionManager, we replace the codegen'd returns by calls to
  // the appropriate Manager functions.
  if (co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU) {
    // TableFunctionManager is not supported on GPU, so leave the QueryExecutionError code
    return;
  }

  std::vector<llvm::ReturnInst*> rets_to_replace;
  for (llvm::BasicBlock& BB : *entry_point_func_) {
    for (llvm::Instruction& I : BB) {
      if (!llvm::isa<llvm::ReturnInst>(&I)) {
        continue;
      }
      llvm::ReturnInst* RI = llvm::cast<llvm::ReturnInst>(&I);
      llvm::Value* retValue = RI->getReturnValue();
      if (!retValue || !llvm::isa<llvm::ConstantInt>(retValue)) {
        continue;
      }
      llvm::ConstantInt* retConst = llvm::cast<llvm::ConstantInt>(retValue);
      if (retConst->getValue() == 7) {
        // ret 7 = underflow/overflow during casting attempt
        rets_to_replace.push_back(RI);
      }
    }
  }

  auto prev_insert_point = ir_builder->saveIP();
  for (llvm::ReturnInst* RI : rets_to_replace) {
    ir_builder->SetInsertPoint(RI);
    llvm::Value* err_msg = ir_builder->CreateGlobalStringPtr(
        "Underflow or overflow during casting of input types!", "cast_err_str");
    llvm::Value* error_call;
    if (exe_unit.table_func.usesManager()) {
      error_call = cgen_state->emitExternalCall("TableFunctionManager_error_message",
                                                ir_builder->getInt32Ty(),
                                                {mgr_ptr, err_msg});
    } else {
      error_call = cgen_state->emitExternalCall(
          "table_function_error", ir_builder->getInt32Ty(), {err_msg});
    }
    llvm::ReplaceInstWithInst(RI, llvm::ReturnInst::Create(ctx, error_call));
  }
  ir_builder->restoreIP(prev_insert_point);

  cgen_state->current_func_ = old_func;
}

void TableFunctionCompilationContext::generateGpuKernel() {
  auto timer = DEBUG_TIMER(__func__);
  CHECK(entry_point_func_);
  std::vector<llvm::Type*> arg_types;
  arg_types.reserve(entry_point_func_->arg_size());
  std::for_each(entry_point_func_->arg_begin(),
                entry_point_func_->arg_end(),
                [&arg_types](const auto& arg) { arg_types.push_back(arg.getType()); });
  CHECK_EQ(arg_types.size(), entry_point_func_->arg_size());

  auto cgen_state = executor_->getCgenStatePtr();
  CHECK(cgen_state);
  auto& ctx = cgen_state->context_;

  std::vector<llvm::Type*> wrapper_arg_types(arg_types.size() + 1);
  wrapper_arg_types[0] = llvm::PointerType::get(get_int_type(32, ctx), 0);
  wrapper_arg_types[1] = arg_types[0];

  for (size_t i = 1; i < arg_types.size(); ++i) {
    wrapper_arg_types[i + 1] = arg_types[i];
  }

  auto wrapper_ft =
      llvm::FunctionType::get(llvm::Type::getVoidTy(ctx), wrapper_arg_types, false);
  kernel_func_ = llvm::Function::Create(wrapper_ft,
                                        llvm::Function::ExternalLinkage,
                                        "table_func_kernel",
                                        cgen_state->module_);

  auto wrapper_bb_entry = llvm::BasicBlock::Create(ctx, ".entry", kernel_func_, 0);
  llvm::IRBuilder<> b(ctx);
  b.SetInsertPoint(wrapper_bb_entry);
  std::vector<llvm::Value*> loaded_args = {kernel_func_->arg_begin() + 1};
  for (size_t i = 2; i < wrapper_arg_types.size(); ++i) {
    loaded_args.push_back(kernel_func_->arg_begin() + i);
  }
  auto error_lv = b.CreateCall(entry_point_func_, loaded_args);
  b.CreateStore(error_lv, kernel_func_->arg_begin());
  b.CreateRetVoid();
}

std::shared_ptr<CompilationContext> TableFunctionCompilationContext::finalize(
    bool emit_only_preflight_fn) {
  auto timer = DEBUG_TIMER(__func__);
  /*
    TODO 1: eliminate need for OverrideFromSrc
    TODO 2: detect and link only the udf's that are needed
  */
  auto cgen_state = executor_->getCgenStatePtr();
  auto is_gpu = co_.device_type == ExecutorDeviceType::GPU;
  if (executor_->has_rt_udf_module(is_gpu)) {
    CodeGenerator::link_udf_module(executor_->get_rt_udf_module(is_gpu),
                                   *(cgen_state->module_),
                                   cgen_state,
                                   llvm::Linker::Flags::OverrideFromSrc);
  }

  LOG(IR) << (emit_only_preflight_fn ? "Pre Flight Function Entry Point IR\n"
                                     : "Table Function Entry Point IR\n")
          << serialize_llvm_object(entry_point_func_);
  std::shared_ptr<CompilationContext> code;
  if (is_gpu) {
    LOG(IR) << "Table Function Kernel IR\n" << serialize_llvm_object(kernel_func_);

    CHECK(executor_);
    executor_->initializeNVPTXBackend();

    CodeGenerator::GPUTarget gpu_target{
        executor_->nvptx_target_machine_.get(), executor_->cudaMgr(), cgen_state, false};
    code = CodeGenerator::generateNativeGPUCode(executor_,
                                                entry_point_func_,
                                                kernel_func_,
                                                {entry_point_func_, kernel_func_},
                                                /*is_gpu_smem_used=*/false,
                                                co_,
                                                gpu_target);
  } else {
    auto ee =
        CodeGenerator::generateNativeCPUCode(entry_point_func_, {entry_point_func_}, co_);
    auto cpu_code = std::make_shared<CpuCompilationContext>(std::move(ee));
    cpu_code->setFunctionPointer(entry_point_func_);
    code = cpu_code;
  }
  LOG(IR) << "End of IR";

  return code;
}